The onslaught of COVID-19 has fundamentally upended the landscape of learning in universities. Learners from diverse backgrounds were abruptly forced into the sphere of online learning. Therefore, question arises whether learners from different backgrounds or learners' characteristics, together with their learning environment, would impact the…

The gamification approach is often used in educational settings, with widely varying results on learner motivation. A new trend emerged these last years on adaptive gamification to fit learners' preferences for game mechanics, but little is known on how the adaptation of different game elements impacts different types of learner motivation. In…

The research investigated the influences of international students' perceived online learning environments, self-efficacy, and online interaction on their online learning achievement, as measured by these students' self-reported development of "generic skills," "research capacities," and "Chinese proficiency and global…