Collaborative problem-solving (CPS) as a key competency required in the 21st century. There has been an increasing need to understand CPS since it involves not only cognitive but also social processes, and thus its process is difficult to examine. Recent research has highlighted that computer-based learning environments provide an opportunity for…

User clustering algorithms have been introduced to analyze users' learning behaviors and help to provide personalized learning guides in traditional Web-based learning systems. However, the explicit and implicit coupled interactions, which means the correlations between user attributes generated from learning actions, are not considered in these…