Self-directed learning is one of the preeminent theories in the field of adult education. This study explored how English as a Second Language learners directed their own learning outside of the formal classroom through the use of practices that potentially advance their English language proficiency. Results from a survey of over 400 ESL students…

The exploration of self-awareness as an essential component for understanding ourselves as a teacher of adults is rather absent in the literature. This article focuses on the elements that are foundational within the self-awareness journey--beliefs, values, and attitudes. Understanding these elements establishes the basis for practice…

The Philosophies Held by Instructors of Lifelong-learners (PHIL) was developed to identify a respondent's preference for one of the major schools of philosophical thought: Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, Existentialism, or Reconstructionism. Using the pool of items from an established instrument, its final form and content validity were determined…