Background: Understanding algorithms is crucial for programming education, yet their abstract nature often challenges students. Algorithm visualisation (AV) has been proven effective in enhancing algorithmic thinking among university students. However, its efficacy for elementary school students and the optimal forms of AV tools remain unclear.…

Background: Both eye movement modelling examples (EMMEs) and cues guide attention and improve learning in multimedia learning environments. EMME can act as a special form of cue. However, no studies have directly examined whether EMME would be superior to visual cues. Objective: The study was to investigate whether there were advantages of EMME…

Background: This study is the first to address the topic of schematic versus realistic dynamic visualization with particular focus on the human movement effect (HME) when the content to be learned takes the form of a computer algorithm. An AlgoRythmics dance choreography illustration (HM-realistic) was compared with an abstract computer animation…

Background: Goal orientations (GO) are influential achievement goals in predicting achievement motivation and effectiveness. However, few studies have paid specific attention to investigating the effects of GO on learning achievement in the area of business management education. Objectives: This study developed a business simulation game system…

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) tools have been increasingly utilised in the production of educational media, including animated educational videos (AEVs) incorporating pedagogical agents (PAs). These tools support the efficient creation of multimedia content and reduce teachers' technical workload. Objectives: This study investigates the…

Background: Previous studies have shown that dynamic illustrations, as compared to their static counterparts, lead to higher achievement levels, especially for hand-based procedures. Other researchers have investigated how the presence of seductive details (i.e., appealing but irrelevant adjunct displays) influences students' interest positively…

Background: Emotional design of multimedia lessons involves adding features that are intended to increase learner enjoyment and promote learning--such as adding narrative, anthropomorphizing non-human elements, and using warm colours. Objective: The present study extends this work to examine the potential of Japanese animation (anime) for…

Background: Zoomorphism, an obverse of conventional anthropomorphism, has been shown in many cases to be a powerful tool with respect to the metaphorical use of animals. Objectives: This study introduced zoomorphism into the instructional video design of pedagogical agents (PAs). Method: We first developed three image sets, each of which…

Background: Visual metaphors (VMs) have gained significant attention from cognitive linguists for their ability to help learners understand linguistic structure. However, few studies have explored how incorporating a VM-supported instructional design can help instructors elucidate the abstract concepts of the business model canvas (BMC) to enhance…

Background: Wildfires have become increasingly frequent and destructive, highlighting the need for more effective public education on safety and preparedness. Gamification, the use of game design elements in non-game contexts, offers a promising strategy to enhance learner engagement and educational effectiveness compared to traditional methods.…

In a systematic review, 194 studies on learning from animation were analysed. The analysis covers the learning domains, the representational characteristics of the animations, the assessed perceptual and cognitive achievements, and the assessment formats. Research on learning from animation focuses on assessing conceptual at the neglect of…

Background: The most challenging task in eye-tracking-based multimedia research is to establish a relationship between eye-tracking metrics (or cognitive processes) and learners' performance scores. Additionally, there are current debates about the effectiveness of animations (or simulations) in promoting learning in multimedia settings.…

Background: With the rapid popularization of e-learning, how to improve online learning has aroused widespread concern. A human-like pedagogical agent (PA) that displays eye gaze and gestures, is often added to online multimedia lessons to increase social connection and improve learning in e-learning environments. However, there has been a debate…

The present study investigates affective-motivational, attention, and learning effects of unexplored emotional design manipulation: "Contextual animation" (animation of contextual elements) in multimedia learning game (MLGs) for children. Participants (N = 134; M[subscript age] = 9.25; Grades 3 and 4) learned either from an experimental…

The study presented in this paper aimed to examine the effect of visual and verbal cognitive style on learning from different types of visualization and modalities of explanatory text. Learning materials in the form of either computer-based animation or a series of static pictures with written or spoken explanations were presented to 197 students.…