Background: Recent years have witnessed a surge of technology use and online learning environments, especially during the post-COVID era. The widespread use of technology has sparked a sudden transition from conventional face-to-face learning to online digital-based learning platforms, such as Adobe Connect. Although EFL teachers have implemented…

Background: Although problem based learning has a great potential to promote learning outcomes as well as cognitive abilities, the number of previous studies investigating this potential on critical thinking, reading comprehension abilities and attitudes in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context is scarce. Also, the number of studies…

Background: While a substantial number of studies have investigated English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL/L2 English) anxiety, they predominantly examined it from a unidimensional perspective, overlooking the potential insights offered by examining language-skill-specific L2 anxiety from a multidimensional lens. Moreover, prior research has…

Background: Some studies have researched the correlation between flipped learning and cognitive learning outcomes; however, there is a paucity of research elaborating on the effects of flipped language learning on cognitive load (CL). Objectives: This study investigates the effects of using flipped learning designs (student-led, teacher-led and…

Background: Limited research on the effectiveness of additional online and face-to-face practise opportunities for promoting active learning among Chinese EFL learners in higher education. Current understanding of self-regulated and collaborative learning theories in educational contexts. Objectives: To establish the efficacy of interactive online…

Background: Reading is a multifaceted skill that plays a crucial role in language acquisition. The acquisition of this skill can be influenced by various instructional strategies and methods. There are studies in literature that show the effect of blended or collaborative teaching methods on reading skills; however, there is a lack of studies that…

Background Study: English education has been promoted in Taiwan for many years. Recently, content and language integrated learning (CLIL) has received attention as an effective way to integrate English into real-life contexts. With advances in technology, digital storytelling is suitable for students to develop multiple skills such as narrating…

Background: Previous studies have indicated that encouraging learners to teach to their peers has been proven effective in second language learning. However, to date, no research has focused on how learners teaching to peers of varying proficiency levels impacts video learning performance and the cognitive neuroscience mechanisms of learners.…

Introduction: Social media has become an effective instrument to enhance adolescents' knowledge-gaining experiences, even in language acquisition. The mechanisms of interactive feedback in such sites can affect motivation and engagement, especially if looked at through the lens of Self-Determination Theory, which highlights the role of competence,…

Background: Technology advancement changes not only interpreting practices but also its pedagogy, which has long been criticised for lacking authenticity in/out-of-classroom practices. Objective: This empirical research aims to develop a mobile-assisted language learning application powered by extended reality (XR). Shortened as 'XR MALL', this…

Background: This mixed-method, controlled quasi-experimental study aimed to examine the effects of metaverse-based English as a foreign language (EFL) instruction on high school students' listening skills and self-determination levels. The lessons, which were designed based on social constructivist theory, were implemented for a total of 8 weeks…

Background: The integration of generative artificial intelligence (Gen-AI) into second language (L2) education has opened new possibilities for personalized and adaptive instruction. While Gen-AI has shown promise in supporting language production skills, its application in reading, particularly in pre-reading scaffolding, remains underexplored.…

Background: Despite a great deal of studies on blended language learning, synthesized empirical evidence of its effects on language performance is still lacking. Objectives: To bridge the gap, this study aimed to meta-analyse the effects of blended language learning on EFL learners' language performance. Methods: Drawing on the framework of AT…

Background: The impact of digital gamified language learning on language achievement has been corroborated in the literature; however, its impact on language achievement, especially in the English as a foreign language (EFL) context needs further investigation. In addition, the related literature has not sufficiently confirmed the impact of…

Background: Computer-mediated writing classes have experienced a significant increase in popularity in recent years, serving as an effective modality for enhancing writing skills within an online framework. Objectives: This study seeks to bridge the gap in the literature by investigating the effectiveness of cognitive, social, and group-awareness…