Background: Previous studies have shown that dynamic illustrations, as compared to their static counterparts, lead to higher achievement levels, especially for hand-based procedures. Other researchers have investigated how the presence of seductive details (i.e., appealing but irrelevant adjunct displays) influences students' interest positively…

Background: Wildfires have become increasingly frequent and destructive, highlighting the need for more effective public education on safety and preparedness. Gamification, the use of game design elements in non-game contexts, offers a promising strategy to enhance learner engagement and educational effectiveness compared to traditional methods.…

Background: With the rapid popularization of e-learning, how to improve online learning has aroused widespread concern. A human-like pedagogical agent (PA) that displays eye gaze and gestures, is often added to online multimedia lessons to increase social connection and improve learning in e-learning environments. However, there has been a debate…