Background: Examining student attention in physical classrooms is crucial, but it faces challenges due to the lack of accurate monitoring. Constraints posed by device limitations and the design of educational materials impede the integration of eye-tracking technology in these settings. Objectives: This study aims to (1) develop a wearable…

Background: Despite the many advantages of flipped learning, it is challenging for educators to ensure that students complete the pre-class learning assignments before the in-class session. Objectives: Using a learning analytics approach, this study analysed students' pre-class video-watching behaviour in flipped learning with a focus on learners'…