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ERIC Number: EJ1474673
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2025-Jun
Pages: 27
Abstractor: As Provided
ISBN: N/A
ISSN: ISSN-0266-4909
EISSN: EISSN-1365-2729
Available Date: 2025-04-08
Multimodal Effort Profiles and Children's Performance: Cognitive, Physiological and Physical Dimensions
Kshitij Sharma1; Serena Lee-Cultura2; Sofia Papavlasopoulou1; Michail Giannakos1
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, v41 n3 e70033 2025
Background: Effort measurement is essential for adaptation to interactive learning technologies. Most contemporary technologies measure effort through the log data (reaction time and correctness). Some adaptive technologies use facial expressions and attention to adapt. Objectives: We present a novel, complementary, and multimodal definition of effort that can be used to adapt not only the content but also the interaction in learning technologies for children. Methods: We propose a 3D view of an effort measurement, that is, cognitive, physiological, and physical. We use eye-tracking, heart rate monitoring, and motion tracking to define these three dimensions. We then apply this measurement within two motion-based educational games and show how this 3D effort varies across the different phases of the educational games and children's performance. Results and Conclusions: The results show an interaction effect of the phase and performance on each of the three effort dimensions. We discuss how these results can inspire the design of multi-sensory adaptive learning systems for children.
Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
Author Affiliations: 1Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; 2Equinor