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Multilevel Modeling: Overview and Applications to Research in Counseling Psychology
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Kahn, Jeffrey H. – Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2011
Multilevel modeling (MLM) is rapidly becoming the standard method of analyzing nested data, for example, data from students within multiple schools, data on multiple clients seen by a smaller number of therapists, and even longitudinal data. Although MLM analyses are likely to increase in frequency in counseling psychology research, many readers…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Counseling Psychology, Mathematical Concepts, Data Analysis
Studying Psychotherapy Using the One-with-Many Design: The Therapeutic Alliance as an Exemplar
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Marcus, David K.; Kashy, Deborah A.; Baldwin, Scott A. – Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2009
Most psychotherapy research uses a one-with-many design, in which each therapist (the one) treats multiple clients (the many), which raises the challenge of nonindependent data. We present a statistical model for analyzing data from studies that use a one-with-many design. This model addresses the problems associated with nonindependence and can…
Descriptors: Psychotherapy, Data Analysis, Models, Psychological Studies
Where is the Relationship in Research on the Alliance? Two Methods for Analyzing Dyadic Data
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Kivlighan, Dennis M., Jr. – Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2007
Researchers examining the therapy relationship are encouraged "to study both patients' and therapists' contribution to the relationship and the ways in which these contributions combine to impact treatment outcome" (Steering Committee, 2002, p. 443). Research on the therapeutic alliance, however, is dominated by studies that examine the individual…
Descriptors: Models, Psychotherapy, Counselor Client Relationship, Interpersonal Communication
The Counseling Center: A Mirror of Institutional Size
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Elton, Charles F.; Rose, Harriett A. – Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1973
This study investigated the relationship between counseling center orientation and size of institution in which the center is located. The results indicated that institutional size predicts counseling center orientation but that a more qualitative evaluation of counseling centers requires other than census-type data. (Author/LA)
Descriptors: Colleges, Counseling Services, Data Analysis, Facilities
Analysis of Covariance: Its Model and Use in Psychological Research.
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Porter, Andrew C.; Raudenbush, Stephen W. – Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1987
Discusses analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), a standard tool for data analysis in psychological research. Considers the two major ways in which psychologists have used the technique: for increasing the precision of estimation in randomized experiments and for seeking to remove bias in nonrandomized studies, comparing ANCOVA with analytic…
Descriptors: Analysis of Covariance, Behavioral Science Research, Data Analysis, Estimation (Mathematics)
Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research
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Frazier, Patricia A.; Tix, Andrew P.; Barron, Kenneth E. – Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2004
The goals of this article are to (a) describe differences between moderator and mediator effects; (b) provide nontechnical descriptions of how to examine each type of effect, including study design, analysis, and interpretation of results; (c) demonstrate how to analyze each type of effect; and (d) provide suggestions for further reading. The…
Descriptors: Counseling Psychology, Structural Equation Models, Data Analysis, Mediation Theory