Notes that consulting process seems to work similarly regardless of whether consultant is internal or external or is doing individual or group consultation. Contends that some differences may occur depending on whether consultant is process helper or content helper. Reviews several consultation processes, and, from this, presents six-step approach…

Reviews several general conceptual models that facilitate consultant's conceptual work. Notes that fundamental to effectiveness of consultation is consultant's ability to empower consultees conceptually. Presents and discusses several principles related to achieving this objective. Concludes with discussion targeted to objective of integrating…

Sees successful consultation relying on consultant's ability to conceptualize operations of total organization. Presents overview of theoretical and practical applications of construct of organizational effectiveness (OE) in relation to consultation. Identifies barriers limiting earlier conceptualizations and applications of OE. Presents OE model…

Describes new Taoist model as alternative approach to conceptualizing consultation process and to formulating successful, isomorphic interventions constructed to facilitate four change processes. Presents model stressing importance of interrelationships between individuals and groups; integrating repulsion and assimilation forces; balancing human…

Examines the historical development of consultation and superimposes multicultural theories and models onto several traditional consultation models. Included is a selective review of the literature from consultation, communication, and education that relate to multicultural issues. Makes an ethical imperative for the consultant to acknowledge,…

Reviews Caplan's "Theory and Practice of Mental Health Consultation" (1970), considered classic seminal work in field of consultation. Presents Caplan's general definition of consultation and general principles or procedures of consultation. Describes each of Caplan's four models of consultation and compares models in terms of professional role of…

Describes Schein's three models of consultation based on assumptions inherent in different helping styles: purchase of expertise and doctor-patient models, which focus on content of organization problems; and process consultation model, which focuses on how organizational problems are solved. Notes that Schein has suggested that consultants begin…

Argues that traditional research model used in industrial-organizational psychology is not useful in understanding deeper dynamics of organizations, especially those phenomena labeled as "cultural." Contends that use of data obtained during clinical and consulting work should be legitimated as valid research data. Spells out clinical model and…

Delineates model of supervision for consultation training. Describes trainee characteristics and supervision needs across three levels of development, culminating in integrated level with developed skills across eight domains of consultation activity. Tracks development other-awareness, motivation, and autonomy. Presents suggestions for…