Results show that student differences in time-on-task to learn to criterion are alterable and can be minimized over a sequence of learning units given appropriate adaptive learning strategies. (Author/DEP)

This study showed that Oksapmin children not only spontaneously use the indigenous numerical system of their nontechnical culture but also have created new forms of numerical symbolization and calculation to deal with schooling arithmetic problems. Novel conceptual developments, factors mediating the schools effect, and the influence of prior…