Practicing retrieval of vocabulary items from memory (e.g., with flashcard software or practice tests) is an effective study strategy to remember vocabulary over time. Retrieval practice is often implemented in digital learning environments that increasingly include multimedia (i.e., combining textual and pictorial information). However, it is…

This article reports on the study of differential change trajectories for early childhood approaches to learning. A large sample (N = 2,152) of Head Start children was followed through prekindergarten, kindergarten, and first grade. Classroom learning behaviors were assessed by teachers through the Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale twice in Head…

Long-term retention of new vocabulary meanings acquired through keyword or semantic-context methods was assessed in two experiments. College students learned 30 English vocabulary-meaning pairs. They were tested on cued-recall performance one week later. Although the keyword method facilitated initial learning of the vocabulary meanings, it did…

One hundred sixth-graders studied a list of new vocabulary items according to either a semantic-context or mnemonic learning strategy, combined with either an individual or pair format for studying and testing. Results indicate that when a scripted learning pair-learning/testing format was incorporated, vocabulary learning benefits were observed…

The keyword mnemonic (KM) was studied in three experiments using 27 university students (15 freshmen) given intensive keyword training. The KM's effectiveness depended on situational factors influencing its ease of implementation. The KM appeared most effective when used selectively and in conjunction with several list presentations at moderate…

New vocabulary was taught to 147 college students, in two experiments, by 1 of 3 methods: keyword, semantic context, and no-strategy control. There was no evidence that keyword-mediated gains on learning vocabulary-associated definitions were obtained at the expense of acquisition of other information. Applications for instruction are discussed.…