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Berninger, Virginia W.; Abbott, Robert D. – Journal of Educational Psychology, 2010
Age-normed tests of listening comprehension, oral expression, reading comprehension, and written expression were administered in Grades 1 (n = 128), 3, and 5, or 3 (n = 113), 5, and 7. Confirmatory factor analyses compared 1- and 4-factor models at each grade level and supported a 4-factor model of language by ear, mouth, eye, and hand. Multiple…
Descriptors: Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, Speech Communication, Gifted