The authors explored patterns of appraising tests in a large sample of 1st-year college students. Cluster analysis was used to identify homogeneous groups of 1st-year students who shared similar patterns of cognitive appraisals about testing. The authors internally validated findings with an independent sample from the same population of students…

Taxonomic category encoding was studied in 160 second and fourth grade students, both low-socioeconomic status Blacks and middle-class Whites. Three items were displayed sequentially, to be recalled later. The results provided conclusive evidence of the availability of taxonomic encoding categories in the groups sampled. (Author/GDC)

Using cross classifiable pictures, this study assessed taxonomic and thematic clustering in free recall in 240 children, ages seven and ten. The effects of both free and constrained test conditions and developmental, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences, were examined. (BS)