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Direct linkLiu, Ru-De; Ding, Yi; Xu, Le; Wang, Jia – Journal of Educational Research, 2017
The authors' aim was to examine the relation between two-digit mental multiplication and working memory. In Study 1, involving 30 fifth-grade students, we used digit span backward as an abbreviated measure of working memory. In Study 2, involving 41 fourth-grade students, working memory comprised measures of phonological loop, visuospatial…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Mental Computation, Multiplication, Elementary School Students
Park, Sira; Holloway, Susan D. – Journal of Educational Research, 2017
Policymakers view parental involvement (PI) as a crucial component of school reform efforts, but evidence of its effect on student achievement is equivocal. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort dataset, we examined the long-term impact on student- and school-level achievement of three types of school-based PI: PI to…
Descriptors: Longitudinal Studies, Parent Participation, Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Reading Achievement
