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Bates, Michael David; Castellano, Katherine E.; Rabe-Hesketh, Sophia; Skrondal, Anders – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2014
This article discusses estimation of multilevel/hierarchical linear models that include cluster-level random intercepts and random slopes. Viewing the models as structural, the random intercepts and slopes represent the effects of omitted cluster-level covariates that may be correlated with included covariates. The resulting correlations between…
Descriptors: Correlation, Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Regression (Statistics), Statistical Bias