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Using Regularization to Identify Measurement Bias across Multiple Background Characteristics: A Penalized Expectation-Maximization Algorithm
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William C. M. Belzak; Daniel J. Bauer – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2024
Testing for differential item functioning (DIF) has undergone rapid statistical developments recently. Moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA) allows for simultaneous testing of DIF among multiple categorical and continuous covariates (e.g., sex, age, ethnicity, etc.), and regularization has shown promising results for identifying DIF among…
Descriptors: Test Bias, Algorithms, Factor Analysis, Error of Measurement