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Gitelman, Alix I. – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2005
In group-allocation studies for comparing behavioral, social, or educational interventions, subjects in the same group necessarily receive the same treatment, whereby a group and/or group-dynamic effect can confound the treatment effect. General counterfactual outcomes that depend on group characteristics, group membership, and treatment are…
Descriptors: Computation, Causal Models, Intervention, Group Membership