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Hasegawa, Raiden B.; Deshpande, Sameer K.; Small, Dylan S.; Rosenbaum, Paul R. – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2020
Causal effects are commonly defined as comparisons of the potential outcomes under treatment and control, but this definition is threatened by the possibility that either the treatment or the control condition is not well defined, existing instead in more than one version. This is often a real possibility in nonexperimental or observational…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Inferences, Randomized Controlled Trials, Experimental Groups