The null hypothesis test used in differential item functioning (DIF) detection tests for a subgroup difference in item-level performance--if the null hypothesis of "no DIF" is rejected, the item is flagged for DIF. Conversely, an item is kept in the test form if there is insufficient evidence of DIF. We present frequentist and empirical…

This article addresses likely error rates for measuring teacher and school performance in the upper elementary grades using value-added models applied to student test score gain data. Using a realistic performance measurement system scheme based on hypothesis testing, the authors develop error rate formulas based on ordinary least squares and…

Illustrates procedures for prediction analysis in 2 X 2 contingency tables through the analyses of solutions of six types of problems associated with the acquisition of fractions. Reviews and extends confidence interval procedures previously proposed for an index of predictive efficiency of implication hypotheses. Compares frequentist coverage…