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Gitelman, Alix I. – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2005
In group-allocation studies for comparing behavioral, social, or educational interventions, subjects in the same group necessarily receive the same treatment, whereby a group and/or group-dynamic effect can confound the treatment effect. General counterfactual outcomes that depend on group characteristics, group membership, and treatment are…
Descriptors: Computation, Causal Models, Intervention, Group Membership
Briggs, Derek C. – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2004
In the social sciences, evaluating the effectiveness of a program or intervention often leads researchers to draw causal inferences from observational research designs. Bias in estimated causal effects becomes an obvious problem in such settings. This article presents the Heckman Model as an approach sometimes applied to observational data for the…
Descriptors: Social Science Research, Statistical Inference, Causal Models, Test Bias