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Peer reviewedHall, Richard H.; Sidio-Hall, Maureen A. – Journal of Experimental Education, 1994
One hundred eighteen college students studied a passage as a knowledge map or as traditional text. Half studied already color-coded material, and half color coded the material themselves. Results support effectiveness of knowledge maps and indicate the role of test anxiety in mediating outcomes associated with demanding tasks such as color coding.…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, College Students, Difficulty Level, Higher Education
Peer reviewedRyan, Frank L.; Pfeifer, Jeanne – Journal of Experimental Education, 1979
Instructions involving high-level questions and answers either were or were not given to fifth and sixth graders in three learning environments: cooperative, competitive, or independent. Students who received the instructions showed greater gains in recognizing and generating high-level questions. (GDC)
Descriptors: Abstract Reasoning, Academic Achievement, Cognitive Processes, Competition
