Further evidence is given on validity in the conventional and retrospective pretest-posttest designs using self-report measures as outcome criteria. Experimental training in Seeing Problems Strategy was effective in improving task performance. The retrospective self-report approach reflected the change. Subjects initially overestimated their…

The authors used an experimental design to compare the effectiveness of unstructured collaborative practice with individual practice on achievement on a complex well-structured problem-solving task. Participants included postsecondary students (N = 257) from a liberal arts college serving primarily nontraditional students and from 2 state…