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Brainerd, C. J.; Nakamura, K.; Chang, M.; Bialer, D. M. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2019
Recollection rejection is traditionally defined as using verbatim traces of old items' presentations to reject new similar test cues, in old/new recognition (e.g., rejecting that "couch" is old by retrieving verbatim traces of "sofa"'s presentation). We broaden this conceptualization to include (a) old as well as new similar…
Descriptors: Recall (Psychology), Accuracy, Cues, Cognitive Processes
Fiedler, Klaus; Kareev, Yaakov – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2011
On the basis of earlier findings, we (Fiedler & Kareev, 2006) presented a statistical decision model that explains the conditions under which small samples of information about choice alternatives inform more correct choices than large samples. Such a small-sample advantage (SSA) is predicted for choices, not estimations. It is contingent on high…
Descriptors: Sample Size, Information Theory, Prediction, Selection
Ghaffarzadegan, Navid; Stewart, Thomas R. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2011
Elwin, Juslin, Olsson, and Enkvist (2007) and Henriksson, Elwin, and Juslin (2010) offered the constructivist coding hypothesis to describe how people code the outcomes of their decisions when availability of feedback is conditional on the decision. They provided empirical evidence only for the 0.5 base rate condition. This commentary argues that…
Descriptors: Decision Making, Feedback (Response), Constructivism (Learning), Hypothesis Testing
Fernbach, Philip M.; Sloman, Steven A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2009
The authors proposed and tested a psychological theory of causal structure learning based on local computations. Local computations simplify complex learning problems via cues available on individual trials to update a single causal structure hypothesis. Structural inferences from local computations make minimal demands on memory, require…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Cues, Memory, Heuristics
Adi-Japha, Esther; Karni, Avi; Parnes, Ariel; Loewenschuss, Iris; Vakil, Eli – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2008
The authors describe a transient phase during training on a movement sequence wherein, after an initial improvement in speed and decrease in variability, individual participants' performance showed a significant increase in variability without change in mean performance speed. Subsequent to this phase, as practice continued, variability again…
Descriptors: Models, Psychomotor Skills, Measures (Individuals)
Portrat, Sophie; Barrouillet, Pierre; Camos, Valerie – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2008
The time-based resource-sharing model of working memory assumes that memory traces suffer from a time-related decay when attention is occupied by concurrent activities. Using complex continuous span tasks in which temporal parameters are carefully controlled, P. Barrouillet, S. Bernardin, S. Portrat, E. Vergauwe, & V. Camos (2007) recently…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Memory, Models, Recall (Psychology)
Howard, Marc W.; Jing, Bing; Rao, Vinayak A.; Provyn, Jennifer P.; Datey, Aditya V. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2009
In episodic memory tasks, associations are formed between items presented close together in time. The temporal context model (TCM) hypothesizes that this contiguity effect is a consequence of shared temporal context rather than temporal proximity per se. Using double-function lists of paired associates (e.g., A-B, B-C) presented in a random order,…
Descriptors: Recall (Psychology), Models, Experiments, College Students
Beaman, C. Philip; Neath, Ian; Surprenant, Aimee M. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2008
Many models of immediate memory predict the presence or absence of various effects, but none have been tested to see whether they predict an appropriate distribution of effect sizes. The authors show that the feature model (J. S. Nairne, 1990) produces appropriate distributions of effect sizes for both the phonological confusion effect and the…
Descriptors: Recall (Psychology), Effect Size, Models, Memory
Nosofsky, Robert M.; Bergert, F. Bryabn – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2007
Observers were presented with pairs of objects varying along binary-valued attributes and learned to predict which member of each pair had a greater value on a continuously varying criterion variable. The predictions from exemplar models of categorization were contrasted with classic alternative models, including generalized versions of a…
Descriptors: Cues, Models, Prediction, Inferences
Fiedler, Klaus; Kareev, Yaakov – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2006
Adaptive decision making requires that contingencies between decision options and their relative assets be assessed accurately and quickly. The present research addresses the challenging notion that contingencies may be more visible from small than from large samples of observations. An algorithmic account for such a seemingly paradoxical effect…
Descriptors: Sampling, Decision Making, Computer Simulation, Models
Brown, Scott; Steyvers, Mark – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2005
Investigations of decision making have typically assumed stationarity, even though commonly observed "context effects" are dynamic by definition. Mirror effects are an important class of context effects that can be explained by changes in participants' decision criteria. When easy and difficult conditions are blocked alternately and a mirror…
Descriptors: Context Effect, Decision Making, Time, Adjustment (to Environment)
Cree, George S.; McNorgan, Chris; McRae, Ken – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2006
The authors present data from 2 feature verification experiments designed to determine whether distinctive features have a privileged status in the computation of word meaning. They use an attractor-based connectionist model of semantic memory to derive predictions for the experiments. Contrary to central predictions of the conceptual structure…
Descriptors: Computation, Semantics, Linguistic Theory, Experimental Psychology
Jescheniak, Jorg D.; Hahne, Anja; Hoffmann, Stefanie; Wagner, Valentin – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2006
There is a long-standing debate in the area of speech production on the question of whether only words selected for articulation are phonologically activated (as maintained by serial-discrete models) or whether this is also true for their semantic competitors (as maintained by forward-cascading and interactive models). Past research has addressed…
Descriptors: Phonology, Articulation (Speech), Semantics, Language Processing
Kruschke, John K.; Kappenman, Emily S.; Hetrick, William P. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2005
The associative learning effects called blocking and highlighting have previously been explained by covert learned attention, but evidence for learned attention has been indirect, via models of response choice. The present research reports results from eye tracking consistent with the attentional hypothesis: Gaze duration is diminished for blocked…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Associative Learning, Attention, Causal Models