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Direct linkCoenen, Anna; Ruggeri, Azzurra; Bramley, Neil R.; Gureckis, Todd M. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2019
What is the best way of discovering the underlying structure of a causal system composed of multiple variables? One prominent idea is that learners should manipulate each candidate variable in isolation to avoid confounds (sometimes known as the control of variables [CV] strategy). We demonstrate that CV is not always the most efficient method for…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Causal Models, Beliefs, Experiments
Elqayam, Shira; Thompson, Valerie A.; Wilkinson, Meredith R.; Evans, Jonathan St. B. T.; Over, David E. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015
Humans have a unique ability to generate novel norms. Faced with the knowledge that there are hungry children in Somalia, we easily and naturally infer that we ought to donate to famine relief charities. Although a contentious and lively issue in metaethics, such inference from "is" to "ought" has not been systematically…
Descriptors: Inferences, Abstract Reasoning, Logical Thinking, Experiments
Goedert, Kelly M.; Ellefson, Michelle R.; Rehder, Bob – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
Individuals have difficulty changing their causal beliefs in light of contradictory evidence. We hypothesized that this difficulty arises because people facing implausible causes give greater consideration to causal alternatives, which, because of their use of a positive test strategy, leads to differential weighting of contingency evidence.…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Inferences, Beliefs, Attitude Change
White, Peter A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2008
When people make causal judgments from contingency information, a principal aim is to account for occurrences of the outcome. When 2 causes are under consideration, the capacity of either to account for occurrences is judged from how likely the cause is to be present when the outcome occurs and from the rate at which the outcome occurs when that…
Descriptors: Prediction, Influences, Evaluative Thinking, Weighted Scores
Spaniol, Julia; Madden, David J.; Voss, Andreas – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2006
Two experiments investigated adult age differences in episodic and semantic long-term memory tasks, as a test of the hypothesis of specific age-related decline in context memory. Older adults were slower and exhibited lower episodic accuracy than younger adults. Fits of the diffusion model (R. Ratcliff, 1978) revealed age-related increases in…
Descriptors: Semantics, Reaction Time, Long Term Memory, Age Differences
Kruschke, John K.; Kappenman, Emily S.; Hetrick, William P. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2005
The associative learning effects called blocking and highlighting have previously been explained by covert learned attention, but evidence for learned attention has been indirect, via models of response choice. The present research reports results from eye tracking consistent with the attentional hypothesis: Gaze duration is diminished for blocked…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Associative Learning, Attention, Causal Models
