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Hayes, Brett K.; Liew, Shi Xian; Desai, Saoirse Connor; Navarro, Danielle J.; Wen, Yuhang – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
The samples of evidence we use to make inferences in everyday and formal settings are often subject to selection biases. Two property induction experiments examined group and individual sensitivity to one type of selection bias: sampling frames - causal constraints that only allow certain types of instances to be sampled. Group data from both…
Descriptors: Logical Thinking, Inferences, Bias, Individual Differences
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Henry Markovits; Valerie A. Thompson – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Mental model (Johnson-Laird, 2001) and probabilistic theories (Oaksford & Chater, 2009) claim to provide distinct explanations of human reasoning. However, the dual strategy model of reasoning suggests that this distinction corresponds to different reasoning strategies, termed "counterexample" and "statistical,"…
Descriptors: Abstract Reasoning, Thinking Skills, Learning Strategies, Logical Thinking
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Hasenäcker, Jana; Schroeder, Sascha – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Reading development involves several changes in orthographic processing. A key question is, "how does the coding of letters develops in children learning to read?" Masked priming effects of transposition and substitution primes have been taken to index the importance of letter position and identity coding. Somewhat contradicting results…
Descriptors: Alphabets, Reading Processes, Priming, Longitudinal Studies
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Hedge, Craig; Powell, Georgina; Bompas, Aline; Sumner, Petroc – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Response control or inhibition is one of the cornerstones of modern cognitive psychology, featuring prominently in theories of executive functioning and impulsive behavior. However, repeated failures to observe correlations between commonly applied tasks have led some theorists to question whether common response conflict processes even exist. A…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Processes, Meta Analysis
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Cohen, Dale J.; Cromley, Amanda R.; Freda, Katelyn E.; White, Madeline – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Here, we present a strong test of the hypothesis that sacrificial moral dilemmas are solved using the same value-based decision mechanism that operates on decisions concerning economic goods. To test this hypothesis, we developed Psychological Value Theory. Psychological Value Theory is an expansion and generalization of Cohen and Ahn's (2016)…
Descriptors: Hypothesis Testing, Decision Making, Moral Values, Problem Solving
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Hardman, Kyle O.; Cowan, Nelson – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Working memory (WM) is used for storing information in a highly accessible state so that other mental processes, such as reasoning, can use that information. Some WM tasks require that participants not only store information, but also reason about that information to perform optimally on the task. In this study, we used visual WM tasks that had…
Descriptors: Logical Thinking, Short Term Memory, Models, Individual Differences
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Ratcliff, Roger; Van Dongen, Hans P. A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Sleep deprivation adversely affects the ability to perform cognitive tasks, but theories range from predicting an overall decline in cognitive functioning because of reduced stability in attentional networks to specific deficits in various cognitive domains or processes. We measured the effects of sleep deprivation on two memory tasks, item…
Descriptors: Sleep, Reaction Time, Accuracy, Memory
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Kuperman, Victor; Matsuki, Kazunaga; Van Dyke, Julie A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
The present research presents a novel method for investigating how characteristics of texts (words, sentences, and passages) and individuals (verbal and general cognitive skills) jointly influence eye-movement patterns over the time-course of reading, as well as comprehension accuracy. Fifty-one proficient readers read passages of varying…
Descriptors: Reader Text Relationship, Eye Movements, Oral Reading, Reading Tests
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Zonca, Joshua; Coricelli, Giorgio; Polonio, Luca – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
In our everyday life, we often need to anticipate the potential occurrence of events and their consequences. In this context, the way we represent contingencies can determine our ability to adapt to the environment. However, it is not clear how agents encode and organize available knowledge about the future to react to possible states of the…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Individual Differences, Task Analysis, Futures (of Society)
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Foroughi, Cyrus K.; Werner, Nicole E.; McKendrick, Ryan; Cades, David M.; Boehm-Davis, Deborah A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Previous research has shown that there is a time cost (i.e., a resumption lag) associated with resuming a task following an interruption and that the longer the duration of the interruption, the greater the time cost (i.e., resumption lag increases as interruption duration increases). The memory-for-goals model (Altmann & Trafton, 2002)…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Short Term Memory, Task Analysis, Attention Control
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Adelman, James S.; Estes, Zachary – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015
Adelman, Marquis, Sabatos-DeVito, and Estes (2013) collected word naming latencies from 4 participants who read 2,820 words 50 times each. Their recommendation and practice was that R2 targets set for models should take into account subject idiosyncrasies as replicable patterns, equivalent to a subjects-as-fixed-effects assumption. In light of an…
Descriptors: Word Recognition, Naming, Individual Differences, Multiple Regression Analysis
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Yap, Melvin J.; Sibley, Daragh E.; Balota, David A.; Ratcliff, Roger; Rueckl, Jay – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015
Researchers have extensively documented how various statistical properties of words (e.g., word frequency) influence lexical processing. However, the impact of lexical variables on nonword decision-making performance is less clear. This gap is surprising, because a better specification of the mechanisms driving nonword responses may provide…
Descriptors: Decision Making, English, Psycholinguistics, Regression (Statistics)
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Ashby, Nathaniel J. S.; Rakow, Tim – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
Recent research investigating decisions from experience suggests that not all information is treated equally in the decision process, with more recently encountered information having a greater impact. We report 2 studies investigating how this differential treatment of sequentially encountered information affects subjective valuations of risky…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Memory, Experience, Value Judgment
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Weisberg, Steven M.; Schinazi, Victor R.; Newcombe, Nora S.; Shipley, Thomas F.; Epstein, Russell A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
There are marked individual differences in the formation of cognitive maps both in the real world and in virtual environments (VE; e.g., Blajenkova, Motes, & Kozhevnikov, 2005; Chai & Jacobs, 2010; Ishikawa & Montello, 2006; Wen, Ishikawa, & Sato, 2011). These differences, however, are poorly understood and can be difficult to…
Descriptors: Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Mapping, Individual Differences, Simulated Environment
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Hills, Thomas T.; Pachur, Thorsten – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2012
What are the mechanisms underlying search in social memory (e.g., remembering the people one knows)? Do the search mechanisms involve dynamic local-to-global transitions similar to semantic search, and are these transitions governed by the general control of attention, associated with working memory span? To find out, we asked participants to…
Descriptors: Proximity, Semantics, Short Term Memory, Social Networks
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