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Ichien, Nicholas; Lu, Hongjing; Holyoak, Keith J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Although models of word meanings based on distributional semantics have proved effective in predicting human judgments of similarity among individual concepts, it is less clear whether or how such models might be extended to account for judgments of similarity among relations between concepts. Here we combine an individual-differences approach…
Descriptors: Prediction, Semantics, Definitions, Decision Making
Madeleine Long; Hannah Rohde; Michelle Oraa Ali; Paula Rubio-Fernandez – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2024
This study aims to advance our understanding of the nature and source(s) of individual differences in pragmatic language behavior over the adult lifespan. Across four story continuation experiments, we probed adults' (N = 496 participants, ages 18-82) choice of referential forms (i.e., names vs. pronouns to refer to the main character). Our…
Descriptors: Attention Control, Individual Differences, Pragmatics, Aging (Individuals)
Unsworth, Nash; Robison, Matthew K.; Miller, Ashley L. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Eight experiments (N = 2,003) assessed the relation between working memory capacity (WMC) and performance on the antisaccade task. Experiments 1-5 and 7 examined individual differences in aspects of goal management processes occurring during the preparatory delay of the antisaccade task. WMC tended to interact with delay interval suggesting that…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Attention Control, Eye Movements, Individual Differences
Erb, Christopher D.; Welhaf, Matthew S.; Smeekens, Bridget A.; Moreau, David; Kane, Michael J.; Marcovitch, Stuart – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
We used a technique known as reach tracking to investigate how individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) relate to the functioning of two processes proposed to underlie cognitive control: a threshold adjustment process that temporarily inhibits motor output in response to signals of conflict and a controlled selection process that…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Undergraduate Students, Cognitive Processes, Task Analysis
Smith, Louisa L.; Banich, Marie T.; Friedman, Naomi P. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2019
The ability to enact cognitive control under changing environmental demands is commonly studied using set-shifting paradigms. While the control processes required for task set reconfiguration (switch costs) have been studied extensively, less research has focused on the control required during task repetition in blocks containing multiple tasks as…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Executive Function, Young Adults, Task Analysis
Hasenäcker, Jana; Schroeder, Sascha – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Reading development involves several changes in orthographic processing. A key question is, "how does the coding of letters develops in children learning to read?" Masked priming effects of transposition and substitution primes have been taken to index the importance of letter position and identity coding. Somewhat contradicting results…
Descriptors: Alphabets, Reading Processes, Priming, Longitudinal Studies
Hamamouche, Karina; Cordes, Sara – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Throughout the life span, we are capable of representing quantities in the absence of language, or nonsymbolically. Additionally, over the course of development, we learn many symbolic measurement systems for representing quantities such as time and number. Despite substantial evidence of a relation between the acquisition of symbolic and…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Time Perspective, Measurement, Correlation
Hedge, Craig; Powell, Georgina; Bompas, Aline; Sumner, Petroc – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Response control or inhibition is one of the cornerstones of modern cognitive psychology, featuring prominently in theories of executive functioning and impulsive behavior. However, repeated failures to observe correlations between commonly applied tasks have led some theorists to question whether common response conflict processes even exist. A…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Processes, Meta Analysis
Referential Context and Executive Functioning Influence Children's Resolution of Syntactic Ambiguity
Qi, Zhenghan; Love, Jessica; Fisher, Cynthia; Brown-Schmidt, Sarah – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Classic studies reveal two striking differences between preschoolers and adults in online sentence comprehension. Adults (a) recruit referential context cues to guide syntactic parsing, interpreting an ambiguous phrase as a modifier if a modifier is needed to single out the intended referent among multiple options, and (b) use late-arriving…
Descriptors: Preschool Teachers, Prediction, Individual Differences, Executive Function
Cohen, Dale J.; Cromley, Amanda R.; Freda, Katelyn E.; White, Madeline – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Here, we present a strong test of the hypothesis that sacrificial moral dilemmas are solved using the same value-based decision mechanism that operates on decisions concerning economic goods. To test this hypothesis, we developed Psychological Value Theory. Psychological Value Theory is an expansion and generalization of Cohen and Ahn's (2016)…
Descriptors: Hypothesis Testing, Decision Making, Moral Values, Problem Solving
Miller, Ashley L.; Unsworth, Nash – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
In 2 experiments, eye-tracking was used to examine individual differences in attention during encoding and their relation to associative learning. Pupillary responses were used as an indicator of the amount of attention devoted to items, whereas eye fixations provided a means of assessing attentional focus among items within each to-be-remembered…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Memory, Task Analysis, Recall (Psychology)
Tobar-Henríquez, Anita; Rabagliati, Hugh; Branigan, Holly P. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Language use is intrinsically variable, such that the words we use vary widely across speakers and communicative situations. For instance, we can call the same entity "refrigerator" or "fridge." However, attempts to understand individual differences in how we process language have made surprisingly little progress, perhaps…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Language Processing, Pictorial Stimuli, Language Usage
Xiong, Jianping; Yu, Lili; Veldre, Aaron; Reichle, Erik D.; Andrews, Sally – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
In this study, we examined the effects of word and character frequency across three commonly used word-identification tasks (lexical decision, naming, and sentence reading) using the same set of two-character target words (N = 60) and participants (N = 82). Facilitatory effects of word frequency were observed across all three tasks. The…
Descriptors: Reading Processes, Orthographic Symbols, Chinese, Correlation
Troyer, Melissa; Urbach, Thomas P.; Kutas, Marta – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
In Troyer and Kutas (2018), individual differences in knowledge of the world of Harry Potter (HP) rapidly modulated individuals' average electrical brain potentials to contextually supported words in sentence endings. Using advances in single-trial electroencephalogram analysis, we examined whether this relationship is strictly a result of domain…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Reading Processes, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Diagnostic Tests
Huijser, Stefan; Taatgen, Niels A.; van Vugt, Marieke K. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Preparing for the future during ongoing activities is an essential skill. Yet it is currently unclear to what extent we can prepare for the future in parallel with another task. In two experiments, we investigated how characteristics of a present task influenced whether and when participants prepared for the future, as well as its usefulness. We…
Descriptors: Futures (of Society), Cognitive Processes, Planning, Short Term Memory