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Andy J. Kim; David S. Lee; James D. Grindell; Brian A. Anderson – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2024
Attention is biased toward features aligning with task goals and stimuli previously allocated attentional priority (selection history). The relationship between selection history and the strategic control of attention has scarcely been explored. In the present study, we utilized a modified version of the Adaptive Choice Visual Search (ACVS) task…
Descriptors: Attention Control, Attention, Visual Stimuli, Color
Emanuel Schütt; Merle Weicker; Carolin Dudschig – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2024
Negation is usually considered as a linguistic operator reversing the truth value of a proposition. However, there are various ways to express negation in a multimodal manner. It still remains an unresolved issue whether nonverbal expressions of negation can influence linguistic negation comprehension. Based on extensive evidence demonstrating…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, College Students, Comprehension, Sentences
Hsuan-Fu Chao – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2024
Repeating a single-prime stimulus as a target to respond to usually facilitates responses. However, sometimes, prime repetition slows the responses and produces the single-prime negative priming effect. In this study, the distractor set hypothesis was proposed as a mechanism of attentional control that can contribute toward single-prime negative…
Descriptors: Attention Control, Priming, Color, Reaction Time
Juhi Parmar; Klaus Rothermund – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2024
Stimulus-response binding and retrieval (SRBR) is a fundamental mechanism driving behavior automatization. In five experiments, we investigated the modulatory role of affective consequences (AC) on SRBR effects to test whether binding/retrieval can explain instrumental learning (i.e., the "law of effect"). SRBR effects were assessed in a…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Responses, Behavior, Reinforcement
Greene, Nathaniel R.; Martin, Benjamin A.; Naveh-Benjamin, Moshe – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Dividing attention (DA) between a memory task and a secondary task results in deficits in memory performance across a wide array of memory tasks, but these effects are larger when DA occurs at encoding than at retrieval. Although some research suggests the effects of DA are equal for item and associative memory, thereby suggesting that DA disrupts…
Descriptors: Attention Control, Memory, Cognitive Processes, Undergraduate Students
Spinelli, Giacomo; Lupker, Stephen J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
In the standard Proportion-Congruent (PC) paradigm, performance is compared between a list containing mostly congruent (MC) stimuli (e.g., the word RED in the color red in the Stroop task; Stroop, 1935) and a list containing mostly incongruent (MI) stimuli (e.g., the word BLUE in red). The PC effect, the finding that the congruency effect (i.e.,…
Descriptors: Cognitive Psychology, Conflict, Cognitive Processes, Reaction Time
Li, Xinyu; Xiong, Zijun; Theeuwes, Jan; Wang, Benchi – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
It is generally assumed that the storage capacity of visual working memory (VWM) is limited, holding about 3-4 items. Recent work with real-world objects, however, has challenged this view by providing evidence that the VWM capacity for real-world objects is not fixed but instead increases with prolonged encoding time (Brady, Störmer, &…
Descriptors: Visual Stimuli, Long Term Memory, Cognitive Processes, Color
Hood, Audrey V. B.; Charbonneau, Brooke; Hutchison, Keith A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Previous research has shown that Stroop effects interact with working memory capacity (WMC) more strongly with lists of mostly congruent items. Although the predominant explanation for this relationship is goal maintenance, some research has challenged whether listwide effects truly reflect goal-maintenance abilities. The current study improved…
Descriptors: College Students, Short Term Memory, Objectives, Prompting
Shoval, Roy; Luria, Roy; Makovski, Tal – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Visual working memory (VWM) is traditionally assumed to be immune to proactive interference (PI). However, in a recent study (Endress & Potter, 2014), performance in a visual memory task was superior when all items were unique and hence interference from previous trials was impossible, compared to a standard condition in which a limited set of…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Visual Stimuli, Interference (Learning), College Students
Sisk, Caitlin A.; Remington, Roger W.; Jiang, Yuhong V. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Mounting evidence suggests that monetary reward induces an incidentally learned selection bias toward highly rewarded features. It remains controversial, however, whether learning of reward regularities has similar effects on spatial attention. Here we ask whether spatial biases toward highly rewarded locations are learned implicitly, or are…
Descriptors: Rewards, Spatial Ability, Bias, Knowledge Level
Moss, Melissa E.; Kikumoto, Atsushi; Mayr, Ulrich – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Theoretical considerations and results from individual differences studies suggest that working memory and conflict resolution are interrelated functions. Yet, there is little direct evidence suggesting that they actually share common cognitive resources. To study how overcoming conflict influences the maintenance of working memory representations…
Descriptors: Conflict Resolution, Short Term Memory, Cognitive Processes, Interaction
Spinelli, Giacomo; Krishna, Kesheni; Perry, Jason R.; Lupker, Stephen J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
A consistent finding in the Stroop literature is that congruency effects (i.e., the color-naming latency difference between words presented in incongruent vs. congruent colors) are larger for mostly-congruent items (e.g., the word RED presented most often in red) than for mostly-incongruent items (e.g., the word GREEN presented most often in…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Color
Liefooghe, Baptist; Hughes, Sean; Schmidt, James R.; De Houwer, Jan – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Automaticity can be established by consistently reinforcing contingencies during practice. During reinforcement learning, however, new relations can also be derived, which were never directly reinforced. For instance, reinforcing the overlapping contingencies A [right arrow] B and A [right arrow] C, can lead to a new relation B-C, which was never…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Visual Stimuli, Interference (Learning), Reaction Time
Entel, Olga; Tzelgov, Joseph – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
It was suggested that 2 preconditions promote proactive control: a pending plan to control performance and availability of working memory (WM) storage resources. In 4 experiments, we applied these preconditions to the Stroop task. Using a new approach, we focused on task conflict while manipulating not only the different stimuli proportions, but…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Comparative Analysis, Reaction Time, Color
Weissman, Daniel H. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Although domain-specificity is prevalent in models of human cognition, its presence is not always easy to verify. For example, according to one prominent model, experiencing conflict from an incongruent distractor in a Stroop-like task triggers an upregulation of domain-specific control that facilitates the resolution of the same, but not a…
Descriptors: Color, Interference (Learning), Reaction Time, Visual Stimuli