Effective outdoor management development programs have certain features: emotional intensity, psychological safety, consequences, enhancement of self-confidence, use of metaphors, unpredictability, peak performance experiences, multiple skill/knowledge types, development of the whole person, and focus on transfer. They succeed because they sustain…

Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of three types of management development for women (single sex, mixed sex, and mentoring) concludes that, despite some strengths, single-sex programs risk further isolating women and perpetuating occupational sex segregation. Integrating men and women in management training and mentoring has the best…

Management development programs should be considered a way to reenergize organizations. Their effectiveness should be measured by managers' intention to use new knowledge. Barriers to new actions should be minimized and the practice of new actions/skills reinforced so they become continuous and long term. (SK)