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Influences on Teachers' Attitudes towards Languages of Learning and Teaching: The Estonian Experience
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Kateryn Rannu; Aleksandra Ljalikova; Katrin Poom-Valickis – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2024
Despite Estonia being ranked among the highest performing nations in the world-wide testing of students, these encouraging results are somewhat overshadowed by the challenge to overcome the divided school system with different languages of learning that impacts crucially on students' social, academic and professional paths. The study examines…
Descriptors: Teacher Attitudes, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Foreign Countries
Testing across Languages in International Comparisons: Cultural Adaptation of Consensus-Based Test Translation Review Procedures
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Zhao, Xueyu; Solano-Flores, Guillermo – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2021
We investigated whether consensus-based test translation review procedures can be used effectively in cultural contexts with high social stratification. We staged two test translation review panels in China -- where social stratification may potentially inhibit individuals' ability to express opinion and disagreement. We adapted a consensus-based…
Descriptors: Translation, Test Construction, Error Patterns, Foreign Countries