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Jiazhou Yao; Marianne Turner; Gary Bonar – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2024
In order to distinguish between language-related ideologies, Ruiz (1984) proposed three language orientations, namely 'language-as-problem', 'language-as-right' and 'language-as-resource'. Although this typology has been applied to various countries and regions around the globe, relevant research in China, a multi-ethnolinguistic country, remains…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Ethnic Groups, Language Minorities, Literacy
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Snow, Don – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2013
While the defining cases of diglossia offered in Charles Ferguson's 1959 article have long been useful as vehicles for introducing this important form of societal multilingualism, they are also problematic in that they differ from each other in a number of significant ways. This article proposes a modified and more precise framework in which…
Descriptors: Dialects, Multilingualism, Classification, Classical Languages
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Brown, Ivan; Sachdev, Itesh – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2009
Although the Japanese community in London is relatively small, its composition is stable and reflects several aspects of Japan's relationship with the international community. Yet there appears to have been no systematic research exploring patterns of bilingual behaviour in relation to social psychological processes amongst Japanese nationals in…
Descriptors: Native Speakers, Foreign Countries, Bilingualism, Language Attitudes