For externals, any variability in the reinforcing behavior of the "teacher" resulted in greater perceived freedom. For internals, perceived freedom was a negative linear function of the amount of reinforcement. Greater freedom was attributed to a person whose behavior was perceived as congruent with the person's inner disposition.…

The influence of personal control on reactions to shock differed as a function of the type of control and of the combination of control conditions. Behavioral control in the presence of information (cognitive control) reduced stress, whereas behavioral control in the absence of information augmented stress. (Author)

Tested the hypothesis that internals will achieve more than externals in situations where competition is preeminent but not where cooperation is requried. Children (N=300) were divided into internals and externals, placed in situations varying in competition and cooperation, and readministered digit-symbol task. The general hypothesis was…

Experiments investigate hypothesis that vulnerable self-esteem internals and externals react more defensively to negative intellectual and personality feedback than congruent internals and externals. Suggested that consistently internal view of causation may increase stress in evaluative situations. Discusses implications for understanding…

Tested and extended Deaux's expectancy model of sex-linked differences in attribution for success. Finding's indicated that female occupational subjects, relative to males, tended to attribute success more to unstable causes of effort and luck. Male subjects attributed success more to the stable causes of ability and task ease. (Author/RC)

Internal locus of control and positive outcome subjects attributed responsibility for their test results to internal factors, while external and negative outcome subjects tended toward external causations. Ability and luck components were rated in accord with the Weiner model classification, but the effort and task components were not. (Author/SJL)

It was hypothesized that true externals and those who adopt an external locus of control as a defense differ in the amount of personal responsibility they accept for task outcomes. Defensive externals varied in their causal attributions as a function of task outcome, whereas nondefensive externals did not. (Editor/SJL)

Predicted that an external locus of control would characterize undersocialization. Tested this hypothesis on a random sample of secondary school children (N=97). Scores from the Child Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale were found to predict undersocialization in the expected direction. Suggested several possible interpretations of this…

Examined the relations among self-esteem, perceived competency to cope, and actual coping behaviors following a threat communication. Manipulated threat level of a tetanus communication and fear level of an antismoking film. Results indicated low-esteem subjects showed coping deficits in both experiments, with positive feedback reversing the…

Subjects with internal or external locus of control were instructed to remeber as much as possible from an array of letter strings generated from a finite state grammar. While both groups attended to the exemplars, internals extracted more invariance and hence learned more about the underlying grammatical structure. (Author/SJL)

Hypothesis that externally oriented Black male subjects would view themselves as more Negro in appearance than they were judged by observers was tested by comparing subjects' and observers' judgments on scale of 15 faces which changed from Negro to Caucasian. Hypothesis was contradicted in 1968 study, supported in 1975. (Author/NRB)

Investigated was the hypothesis that high arousal increases processing of physical characteristics and reduces processing of semantic characteristics. While introverts and extroverts had equivalent scanning rates for physical features, introverts were significantly slower in searching for semantic features of category membership, indicating…