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House, William C. – Journal of Research in Personality, 1980
Observed subjects evidenced less tendency to attribute their failure to low ability than did nonobserved subjects and greater willingness to attribute failure to lack of effort. For a task intended to be of minimal relevance to subjects' identities, nonobserved subjects attributed failure to task difficulty. (Author)
Descriptors: Attribution Theory, Bias, Competence, Difficulty Level