In a study of 105 twin pairs, correlations for identical pairs were significantly higher than fraternal pairs on all but one factor: tough-mindedness. Data suggested several components and the total organization of those components of personality and temperament are genetically influenced. (Author)

Tested predictions derived from Eysenck's theory of personality in two samples by relating extraversion scores to library study locations, frequency of study breaks, and self-report of factors which influence study location. Found predicted main effects for study location with extraverts occupying locations that provided greater external…

Investigated helping as a function of empathic anxiety (anxiety in response to modeled distress) and individual differences in sociopathic tendencies. Results indicated modeled distress produces increases in anxiety which are positively associated with helping and sociopathic individuals are less likely to help than are nonsociopathic individuals.…

Examined the effect of interpersonal trust on perceptual vigilance in a tachistoscopic word-recognition study. Results indicated low trusters had lower recognition thresholds for connotatively negative words. They were more vigilant only for negative words. A manipulation intended to arouse subjects' suspicions about the experimenter was also…

Results suggest that some people ascribe traits more often and indicate "depends on the situation" less often than do others. Personality correlates of this tendency indicate that it is associated with poor psychological adjustment and an extreme response style. (Author)

Examined the utility of the aggregation method as a measure of behavioral consistency in 26 studies involving computer-generated, repeated-measurement data. Concluded that aggregation produces spuriously high estimates of behavioral consistency. The Spearman-Brown prophecy formula and coefficient alpha accurately predict the results of the…

Two studies examined the effects of dispositional self-consciousness on reactance. Men who were high in private self-consciousness displayed greater reactance responses to a coercive communication attempt. Women high in private self-consciousness exhibited greater reactance responses to a self-imposed threat to their freedom of choice. (Author)

Abilities of physicians to express emotions through voice tone were assessed and related to physician personality and patient ratings. Aspects of expressive ability were correlated with personality traits, and expressive ability was related to patients' satisfaction with their physicians. (Author)

Discusses psychophysiological methods in relationship to personality research. The paper is organized in four sections: (l) advantages inherent in the use of psychophysiological measures; (2) psychophysiological constructs particularly well suited to personality research; (3) how to choose a set of psychophysiological measures; and (4) whether or…

Studied the relationships between the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), the Personality Research Form ANDRO and the short BSRI in connection with adjustment in 122 college men. Results include findings that: (1) anxiety and depression marked a single adjustment factor; and (2) the Short BSRI index of expressiveness behaved differently from the other…

Examined personality-ability relationships in old age using two modes of assessment. One measured intellectual abilities and personality with established instruments. The second assessed interface between cognitive abilities and personality. Results support continuation of a measurement approach to the study of interdomain relationships. (Author)

This research investigates the relationship between parent behaviors, subject personality characteristics, and response to temptation among college students. The temptation situation involves an opportunity to falsify a test score to gain course credit when the perceived likelihood of detection is low. Findings suggest that males and females may…

Studied individuals important to jury decision-making processes, i.e., those who change their minds. Results showed no consistent differences in race, sex, or age for changers and nonchangers and authoritarians changed attitudes about defendent's guilt more than equalitarians. (PAS)

Simulated lie detection procedure investigated skin conductance responsivity among self-reported skin responders. Subjects grouped by trait anxiety engaged in mock crime providing "guilty knowledge" or in neutral activity providing "innocent associations" and were interrogated using Lykken's Guilty Knowledge technique.…

Subjects (N=136) were premeasured for their self-esteem, and practiced two tasks--one in front of a mirror. Results indicated that relative to high self-esteem individuals, those with low and medium self-esteem rated the mirror task as less enjoyable and preferred to avoid the mirror task. (Author/RC)