Presents rationale and methods of using a hierarchical analysis to validate the use of randomized multiple choice test items. Concludes that solving randomized multiple choice problems require the same or similar cognitive processes or problem solving skills as a free response form. (DS)

Describes the development and testing of an instrument for use at the eighth grade level to measure four science processes: observation, inference, verification, and classification. Indicates that the two forms of the instrument are average in reliability and high in factor validity. (CC)

Identifies and quantifies the chemistry conceptions used by students when solving chemical equilibrium problems requiring application of LeChatelier's Principle, and explores the feasibility of designing a paper and pencil test to accomplish these purposes. Eleven prevalent incorrect student conceptions about chemical equilibrium were identified…