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Urcuioli, Peter J.; Swisher, Melissa – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2012
Pigeons trained on successive AB symbolic matching show emergent BA antisymmetry if they are also trained on successive AA oddity and BB identity (Urcuioli, 2008, Experiment 4). In other words, when tested on BA probe trials following training, they respond more to the comparisons on the reverse of the nonreinforced AB baseline trials than on the…
Descriptors: Animals, Animal Behavior, Experiments, Stimuli
Pinkston, Jonathan W.; Lamb, R. J. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2012
When given to pigeons, the direct-acting dopamine agonist apomorphine elicits pecking. The response has been likened to foraging pecking because it bears remarkable similarity to foraging behavior, and it is enhanced by food deprivation. On the other hand, other data suggest the response is not related to foraging behavior and may even interfere…
Descriptors: Animals, Brain, Biochemistry, Experiments
Mallpress, Dave E. W.; Fawcett, Tim W.; McNamara, John M.; Houston, Alasdair I. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2012
The relationship between positive and negative reinforcement and the symmetry of Thorndike's law of effect are unresolved issues in operant psychology. Here we show that, for a given pattern of responding on variable interval (VI) schedules with the same programmed rate of food rewards (positive reinforcement VI) or electric shocks (negative…
Descriptors: Animals, Stimuli, Rewards, Positive Reinforcement
Kangas, Brian D.; Branch, Marc N. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2012
Emerging evidence suggests that nicotine may enhance short-term memory. Some of this evidence comes from nonhuman primate research using a procedure called delayed matching-to-sample, wherein the monkey is trained to select a comparison stimulus that matches some physical property of a previously presented sample stimulus. Delays between sample…
Descriptors: Data Analysis, Reaction Time, Short Term Memory, Animals
Boutros, Nathalie; Davison, Michael; Elliffe, Douglas – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2011
Conditioned reinforcer effects may be due to the stimulus' discriminative rather than its strengthening properties. While this was demonstrated in a frequently-changing choice procedure, a single attempt to replicate in a relatively static choice environment failed. We contend that this was because the information provided by the stimuli was…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Stimuli, Reinforcement, Animals
Cowie, Sarah; Davison, Michael; Elliffe, Douglas – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2011
It has long been understood that food deliveries may act as signals of future food location, and not only as strengtheners of prefood responding as the law of effect suggests. Recent research has taken this idea further--the main effect of food deliveries, or other "reinforcers", may be signaling rather than strengthening. The present experiment…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Stimuli, Reinforcement, Animals
White, K. Geoffrey; Brown, Glenn S. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2011
Pigeons performed a delayed matching-to-sample task in which large or small reinforcers for correct remembering were signaled during the retention interval. Accuracy was low when small reinforcers were signaled, and high when large reinforcers were signaled (the signaled magnitude effect). When the reinforcer-size cue was switched from small to…
Descriptors: Animals, Reinforcement, Accuracy, Memory
Quantification of Ethanol's Anti-Punishment Effect in Humans Using the Generalized Matching Equation
Rasmussen, Erin B.; Newland, M. Christopher – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2009
Increases in rates of punished behavior by the administration of drugs with anxiolytic effects (called antipunishment effects) are well established in animals but not humans. The present study examined antipunishment effects of ethanol in humans using a choice procedure. The behavior of 5 participants was placed under six concurrent…
Descriptors: Punishment, Reinforcement, Drug Use, Behavioral Science Research
Bejarano, Rafael; Hackenberg, Timothy D. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2007
Two experiments with pigeons investigated the effects of contingencies between interresponse times (IRTs) and the transitions between the components of 2- and 4-component chained schedules (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). The probability of component transitions varied directly with the most recent (Lag 0) IRT in some experimental conditions…
Descriptors: Animals, Reaction Time, Stimuli, Change
Williams, Ben; Myerson, Joel; Hale, Sandra – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2008
Despite its avowed goal of understanding individual behavior, the field of behavior analysis has largely ignored the determinants of consistent differences in level of performance among individuals. The present article discusses major findings in the study of individual differences in intelligence from the conceptual framework of a functional…
Descriptors: Intelligence, Individual Differences, Short Term Memory, Behavioral Science Research
Okouchi, Hiroto; Lattal, Kennon A. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2006
Four pigeons were exposed to two tandem variable-interval differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedules under different stimulus conditions. The values of the tandem schedules were adjusted so that reinforcement rates in one stimulus condition were higher than those in the other, even though response rates in the two conditions were nearly…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Reinforcement, Intervals, Animals
Shull, Richard L.; Grimes, Julie A. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2006
Rats obtained food-pellet reinforcers by nose poking a lighted key. Experiment 1 examined resistance to extinction following single-schedule training with different variable-interval schedules, ranging from a mean interval of 16 min to 0.25 min. That is, for each schedule, the rats received 20 consecutive daily baseline sessions and then a session…
Descriptors: Training, Positive Reinforcement, Intervals, Animals
Tomanari, Gerson Y.; Sidman, Murray; Rubio, Adriana R.; Dube, William V. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2006
Five adult humans were tested for emergent conditional discriminations under rapid-responding contingencies. During four-comparison matching-to-sample baseline training (AB and AC), limited-hold contingencies for responding to samples and comparisons were gradually restricted to the shortest duration consistent with at least 95% accuracy and no…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Higher Education, Staff Utilization, Undergraduate Students