From penmanship, to product, to process...this article recounts 100 years of instructional practice in the US elementary writing classroom through the voices of past teaching manuals and curriculum guides. This particular tale begins at the turn of the 20th century--a time when the elementary school was firmly established in the country, and…

Standards can aid educators as they work to produce strong student writers who can create meaningful and skillfully crafted authentic pieces of writing. This once-a-month, yearlong professional development program, conducted during the school day, shifted a district's kindergarten writing program to a writing workshop model that enabled the…

Traditionally, assessing student writing ability has often been product-focused. Advocates of child-centered process-oriented classrooms, however, suggest that teachers should also focus on understanding children's writing behaviors in the context of meaningful communicative tasks. In such an approach, writing conferences are one way in which…

Discusses seven recent high-quality professional publications that focus on the process approach to the teaching of writing and that discuss it from differing angles. (SR)

Discusses three problem areas that frequently develop when process writing is implemented in the classroom. Discusses problematic practices and suggests positive alternatives. (SR)

Reviews the history of education in the United States, focusing on student control opportunities in writing instruction. Observes that, contrary to literature on the subject, student ownership of written work may not always be the appropriate or best possible alternative. (MM)

States the importance of content in the process writing classroom. Demonstrates with "cultural texts" (texts about the daily realities of the students on topics of domesticity and family, violence, evolving sexuality, and future aspirations) that not only how children write, but also what they write about, is of critical importance in helping them…

Suggests that personal writing poses both opportunities and risks in writing classrooms. Discusses the experiences of two children in a fifth/sixth-grade writing process classroom. Notes that benefits of personal writing are opportunities for authenticity, finding voice, and a therapeutic value; whereas risks include coercion of students who are…

Illustrates the strength of the Socratic method by showing its applicability to a troubled student. Discusses feedback in the process-oriented approach to writing instruction, examining the purpose, nature, and focus of response. (MS)

Describes how a third-grade teacher's concern that his students were learning the language of revision without knowing how to revise inspired his search for an "honest response." Notes how he observed for two years the writing process in his classroom. Depicts a particular writing culture whose members suggested answers to his questions and…

Shares the experiences of one teacher as she implements process writing in her classroom. (MG)

Describes a two-year teacher research project on how one teacher improved writing workshops for her middle school students. (SR)

Uses observations of three students' and two teachers' use of metaphors in process writing instruction to shed light on the role of talk in writing development. Finds that metaphors can be complex, interesting, and thought-provoking; and all students developed a shared understanding with teachers despite differences in background. (SR)

Describes how elementary school teachers encouraged poor readers and writers by having them--and the whole class--keep journals on topics they knew more about than anyone else in the class and then read the entries aloud. Discusses a three-step process approach to writing instruction derived from this successful method. (HTH)

Demonstrates a method for teaching writing to emotionally handicapped children which treats writing as a "fun" activity, using a process writing approach. Shows through two examples that writing is a perfect vehicle for these children to air their emotions nonviolently. (SKC)