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Toth, Paul D. – Language Learning, 2006
This study addresses the role of output in second language (L2) acquisition by comparing processing instruction (PI) to communicative output (CO) tasks. Participants included 80 English-speaking adults from six university course sections of beginning L2 Spanish, with two assigned to each treatment (PI = 27; CO = 28) and two others comprising a…
Descriptors: Second Language Instruction, Second Language Learning, Introductory Courses, Spanish

Greenberg, Seth N.; Roscoe, Suzanne – Language Learning, 1988
Study of echoic memory interference among students in college introductory Spanish and German courses revealed that students with weaker listening comprehension skills depended more upon vulnerable sensory codes in echoic memory, while students with stronger comprehension relied on stable higher-order codes. (Author/CB)
Descriptors: Higher Education, Introductory Courses, Language Processing, Listening Comprehension