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Direct linkKartushina, Natalia; Frauenfelder, Ulrich H.; Golestani, Narly – Language Learning, 2016
In bilinguals and second language learners, the native (L1) and nonnative (L2) languages coexist and interact. The L1 influences L2 production via forward transfer, as is seen with foreign accents. However, language transfer is bidirectional: even brief experience with an L2 can affect L1 production, via backward transfer. Here, we review the…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Native Language, Speech Communication, Transfer of Training
Derwing, Tracey M.; Munro, Murray J. – Language Learning, 2013
Researching the longitudinal development of second language (L2) learners is essential to understanding influences on their success. This 7-year study of oral skills in adult immigrant learners of English as a second language evaluated comprehensibility, fluency, and accentedness in first-language (L1) Mandarin and Slavic language speakers. The…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Oral Language, Native Language, English (Second Language)
