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Karins, A. Krisjanis – Language Variation and Change, 1995
Investigates variable deletion of short vowels in word-final unstressed syllables in Latvian spoken in Riga. Affected vowels were almost always inflectional endings and results indicated that internal phonological and prosodic factors (especially distance from main word stress) were the strongest constraints on vowel deletion, along with the…
Descriptors: Educational Attainment, Foreign Countries, Language Variation, Phonology

Meechan, Marjory; Foley, Michele – Language Variation and Change, 1994
Using variationist methodology, this study analyzed natural speech data from 31 speakers of standard Canadian English and found an overwhelming preference for singular agreement in existentials. Contrary to predictions, this was not linked to a determiner-based structural distinction but rather to the form of the copula and the speaker's level of…
Descriptors: Educational Attainment, Foreign Countries, Grammar, Language Variation

Johnson, Ellen – Language Variation and Change, 1993
Reports on a longitudinal study of nearly 1,000 English words to determine differences in usage in the United States in the 1930s and 1990s related to age, sex, race, education, region, and rurality. The results indicated that males, whites, older speakers, and speakers from rural areas use more older terms, whereas most educated speakers use…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Age Differences, Diachronic Linguistics, Educational Attainment