Many theories predict the presence of interactive effects involving information represented by distinct cognitive processes in speech production. There is considerably less agreement regarding the precise cognitive mechanisms that underlie these interactive effects. For example, are they driven by purely production-internal mechanisms (e.g., Dell,…

At the one-word stage children use gesture to "supplement" their speech ("eat" + point at cookie), and the onset of such supplementary gesture-speech combinations predicts the onset of two-word speech ("eat cookie"). Gesture thus signals a child's readiness to produce two-word constructions. The question we ask here…