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Valle, Rebecca Della; Mohammadmirzaei, Negin; Knox, Dayan – Learning & Memory, 2019
Clinical and preclinical studies that have examined the neurobiology of persistent fear memory in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have focused on the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Sensory systems, the periaqueductal gray (PAG), and midline thalamic nuclei have been implicated in fear and extinction memory, but whether…
Descriptors: Stress Variables, Fear, Memory, Brain Hemisphere Functions
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Smolen, Paul; Baxter, Douglas A.; Byrne, John H. – Learning & Memory, 2016
With memory encoding reliant on persistent changes in the properties of synapses, a key question is how can memories be maintained from days to months or a lifetime given molecular turnover? It is likely that positive feedback loops are necessary to persistently maintain the strength of synapses that participate in encoding. Such feedback may…
Descriptors: Long Term Memory, Models, Molecular Structure, Feedback (Response)
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Zhang, Yili; Smolen, Paul; Alberini, Cristina M.; Baxter, Douglas A.; Byrne, John H. – Learning & Memory, 2016
Inhibitory avoidance (IA) training in rodents initiates a molecular cascade within hippocampal neurons. This cascade contributes to the transition of short- to long-term memory (i.e., consolidation). Here, a differential equation-based model was developed to describe a positive feedback loop within this molecular cascade. The feedback loop begins…
Descriptors: Inhibition, Animals, Animal Behavior, Brain Hemisphere Functions
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Bernier, Brian E.; Lacagnina, Anthony F.; Drew, Michael R. – Learning & Memory, 2015
Studies on the behavioral mechanisms underlying contextual fear conditioning (CFC) have demonstrated the importance of preshock context exposure in the formation of aversive context memories. However, there has been comparatively little investigation of the effects of context exposure immediately after the shock. Some models predict that…
Descriptors: Fear, Learning Processes, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Memory
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Jalil, Sajiya J.; Sacktor, Todd Charlton; Shouval, Harel Z. – Learning & Memory, 2015
Memories that last a lifetime are thought to be stored, at least in part, as persistent enhancement of the strength of particular synapses. The synaptic mechanism of these persistent changes, late long-term potentiation (L-LTP), depends on the state and number of specific synaptic proteins. Synaptic proteins, however, have limited dwell times due…
Descriptors: Long Term Memory, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Neurological Organization, Maintenance
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Johnson, Sarah A.; Sacks, Patricia K.; Turner, Sean M.; Gaynor, Leslie S.; Ormerod, Brandi K.; Maurer, Andrew P.; Bizon, Jennifer L.; Burke, Sara N. – Learning & Memory, 2016
Hippocampal-dependent episodic memory and stimulus discrimination abilities are both compromised in the elderly. The reduced capacity to discriminate between similar stimuli likely contributes to multiple aspects of age-related cognitive impairment; however, the association of these behaviors within individuals has never been examined in an animal…
Descriptors: Brain Hemisphere Functions, Animals, Models, Tests
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Pezzulo, Giovanni; Cartoni, Emilio; Rigoli, Francesco; io-Lopez, Léo; Friston, Karl – Learning & Memory, 2016
Balancing habitual and deliberate forms of choice entails a comparison of their respective merits--the former being faster but inflexible, and the latter slower but more versatile. Here, we show that arbitration between these two forms of control can be derived from first principles within an Active Inference scheme. We illustrate our arguments…
Descriptors: Interference (Learning), Epistemology, Physiology, Neurology
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Kim, Dongbeom; Pare, Denis; Nair, Satish S. – Learning & Memory, 2013
The relative contributions of plasticity in the amygdala vs. its afferent pathways to conditioned fear remain controversial. Some believe that thalamic and cortical neurons transmitting information about the conditioned stimulus (CS) to the lateral amygdala (LA) serve a relay function. Others maintain that thalamic and/or cortical plasticity is…
Descriptors: Fear, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Conditioning, Models
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Oros, Nicolas; Chiba, Andrea A.; Nitz, Douglas A.; Krichmar, Jeffrey L. – Learning & Memory, 2014
Learning to ignore irrelevant stimuli is essential to achieving efficient and fluid attention, and serves as the complement to increasing attention to relevant stimuli. The different cholinergic (ACh) subsystems within the basal forebrain regulate attention in distinct but complementary ways. ACh projections from the substantia innominata/nucleus…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Cognitive Processes, Attention, Brain Hemisphere Functions
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Santos, Ana Rita; Kanellopoulos, Alexandros K.; Bagni, Claudia – Learning & Memory, 2014
The Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent form of inherited mental disability and is considered a monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder. FXS is caused by a triplet expansion that inhibits the expression of the "FMR1" gene. The gene product, the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), regulates mRNA metabolism in brain…
Descriptors: Genetic Disorders, Mental Retardation, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Autism
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Diviney, Mairead; Fey, Dirk; Commins, Sean – Learning & Memory, 2013
Learning to navigate toward a goal is an essential skill. Place learning is thought to rely on the ability of animals to associate the location of a goal with surrounding environmental cues. Using the Morris water maze, a task popularly used to examine place learning, we demonstrate that distal cues provide animals with distance and directional…
Descriptors: Cues, Learning Processes, Task Analysis, Animals
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Larkin, Aoife; Karak, Somdatta; Priya, Rashi; Das, Abhijit; Ayyub, Champakali; Ito, Kei; Rodrigues, Veronica; Ramaswami, Mani – Learning & Memory, 2010
Naive "Drosophila" larvae show vigorous chemotaxis toward many odorants including ethyl acetate (EA). Chemotaxis toward EA is substantially reduced after a 5-min pre-exposure to the odorant and recovers with a half-time of [image omitted]20 min. An analogous behavioral decrement can be induced without odorant-receptor activation through…
Descriptors: Habituation, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Inhibition, Entomology
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Laurent, Vincent; Westbrook, R. Frederick – Learning & Memory, 2010
Four experiments used rats to study the role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the reinstatement and extinction of fear responses (freezing) to a previously extinguished conditioned stimulus (CS). In Experiment 1, BLA inactivation before pairing the extinguished CS with the shock unconditioned stimulus (US) or before US-alone exposure impaired…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Inhibition, Fear
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Markham, Chris M.; Taylor, Stacie L.; Huhman, Kim L. – Learning & Memory, 2010
We examined the roles of the amygdala and hippocampus in the formation of emotionally relevant memories using an ethological model of conditioned fear termed conditioned defeat (CD). Temporary inactivation of the ventral, but not dorsal hippocampus (VH, DH, respectively) using muscimol disrupted the acquisition of CD, whereas pretraining VH…
Descriptors: Infants, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Role, Memory
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Zeamer, Alyson; Meunier, Martine; Bachevalier, Jocelyne – Learning & Memory, 2011
Recognition memory impairment after selective hippocampal lesions in monkeys is more profound when measured with visual paired-comparison (VPC) than with delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS). To clarify this issue, we assessed the impact of stimuli similarity and encoding duration on the VPC performance in monkeys with hippocampal lesions and…
Descriptors: Pictorial Stimuli, Recognition (Psychology), Infants, Memory
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