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Derman, Rifka C.; Schneider, Kevin; Juarez, Shaina; Delamater, Andrew R. – Learning & Memory, 2018
When discrete localizable stimuli are used during appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, "sign-tracking" and "goal-tracking" responses emerge. Sign-tracking is observed when conditioned responding is directed toward the CS, whereas goal-tracking manifests as responding directed to the site of expected reward delivery. These…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Responses, Stimuli, Rewards
Hinton, Elizabeth A.; Wheeler, Marina G.; Gourley, Shannon L. – Learning & Memory, 2014
An important aspect of goal-directed action selection is differentiating between actions that are more or less likely to be reinforced. With repeated performance or psychostimulant exposure, however, actions can assume stimulus-elicited--or "habitual"--qualities that are resistant to change. We show that selective knockdown of prelimbic…
Descriptors: Cocaine, Goal Orientation, Reinforcement, Stimulants
Lipp, Hans-Peter; Kaczmarek, Leszek; Werka, Tomasz; Knapska, Ewelina; Walasek, Grazyna; Nikolaev, Evgeni; Neuhausser-Wespy, Frieder – Learning & Memory, 2006
Understanding the function of the distinct amygdaloid nuclei in learning comprises a major challenge. In the two studies described herein, we used c-Fos immunolabeling to compare the engagement of various nuclei of the amygdala in appetitive and aversive instrumental training procedures. In the first experiment, rats that had already acquired a…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Acoustics, Laboratory Equipment, Neurological Organization