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Nie, Youyan; Liem, Gregory Arief D. – Learning and Individual Differences, 2013
Underpinned by the hierarchical model of approach and avoidance motivation, the study examined the differential relations of individual-oriented and social-oriented achievement motives to approach and avoidance achievement goals (mastery-approach, performance-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-avoidance). A total of 570 Chinese high school…
Descriptors: Achievement Need, Motivation, Goal Orientation, Objectives
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Schwinger, Malte; Stiensmeier-Pelster, Joachim – Learning and Individual Differences, 2011
Drawing on modern diathesis-stress theories which suggest a multiplicative approach to determine one's personal vulnerability status, we posit that the degree of an individual's vulnerability for using self-handicapping strategies in case of self-threatening events depends on the interaction between different vulnerability and protective factors.…
Descriptors: Goal Orientation, Achievement Need, Educational Practices, Fear