Different methods of subtracting are described; the equal additions and the decomposition methods are discussed in detail. (DT)

Described is a case in which a young student stumbles upon the "integer" technique for subtraction which differs from the techniques of decomposition and equal addition. (MN)

A process for helping students in the elementary grades develop their own algorithms for subtraction with carrying is described. Pupils choose their own times and ways to move from manipulative materials to written notation. (MP)

Described are two methods of calculating developed by the Dutch WISKOBAS Project: addition and subtraction with a loop abacus and multiplication using a grid model. (MP)

Children are asked to describe the subtraction process or to describe a context in which subtraction may be used. (JLH)

One teacher's struggle with conveying a concrete realization of the subtraction algorithm to students leads to a discussion of elementary mathematics instruction in general. (MP)