Two algorithms are developed for finding the square roots of numbers. One is based on the rule that x square is the sum of the first x odd numbers; the other is algebraic. (MP)

After briefly presenting possible origins for the use of the decimal system for counting and the duodecimal (base twelve) system for many measures, a notational scheme using six positive'' digits and six negative'' digits is presented. Examples and algorithms using this set of digits for operations with whole numbers, fractions, and in…