Cross-classified random effects modeling (CCREM) is used to model multilevel data from nonhierarchical contexts. These models are widely discussed but infrequently used in social science research. Because little research exists assessing when it is necessary to use CCREM, 2 studies were conducted. A real data set with a cross-classified structure…

When performing a classification study, it is often useful to leave a residue of unclassified entities to be analyzed separately. Using an interactional paradigm, theoretical reasoning for this approach is outlined. A procedure--RESIDAN--for conducting a classification analysis using a residue is described, and empirical data are provided. (TJH)