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Flamer, Stephen – Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1983
Multitrait-Multimethod analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to investigate differences in Likert, Thurstone, and Semantic Differential techniques. Results indicated that these measurement techniques are not completely interchangeable. (JKS)
Descriptors: Factor Analysis, Measurement Techniques, Rating Scales, Scaling

Ofir, Chezy; And Others – Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1987
Three frequently used response formats are compared via analysis of covariance structures. The cumulative results based on four data sets provided evidence inconsistent with previous research suggesting that these formats are interchangeable. The semantic-differential format is most preferred while in most cases the Stapel format is least…
Descriptors: Analysis of Covariance, Factor Analysis, Hypothesis Testing, Mathematical Models