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Wolfensberger, Wolf – New Directions for Program Evaluation, 1981
The concept of ideology is discussed. An evaluation design that is based on values and ideologies is advocated so that it can be applied to services in different categories and still produce valid comparisons. (Author/AL)
Descriptors: Evaluation Methods, Human Services, Systems Approach, Values

Scriven, Michael – New Directions for Program Evaluation, 1983
The author argues that one of the worst aspects of logical positivism is its attempt to construct a value-free science and to exclude values from the scientific process. (Author/PN)
Descriptors: Evaluation Methods, Evaluation Needs, Measurement Objectives, Research Needs

Conner, Ross F. – New Directions for Program Evaluation, 1980
Is it ethical to select clients at random for a beneficial social service, then deny the benefits to a control group for the sake of science? Participation of control groups in planning, implementation and evaluation of social programs may resolve ethical issues. (Author/CP)
Descriptors: Control Groups, Ethics, Evaluation Methods, Program Evaluation

Conrad, Kendon J.; Miller, Todd Q. – New Directions for Program Evaluation, 1987
A short history of program theory in evaluation is reviewed. Two related problems in program evaluation are discussed and illustrated: (1) how to specify in measurable terms the consensus of theories and values that guides the program; and (2) how to construct a theoretical framework that specifies the use of these measurements. (Author/JAZ)
Descriptors: Evaluation Methods, Evaluation Problems, History, Measurement Techniques

New Directions for Program Evaluation, 1980
Representative models of program evaluation are described by their approach to values, and categorized by empirical style: positivism versus humanism. The models are: social process audit; experimental/quasi-experimental research design; goal-free evaluation; systems evaluation; cost-benefit analysis; and accountability program evaluation. (CP)
Descriptors: Accountability, Cost Effectiveness, Critical Thinking, Evaluation Methods