The development of gastronomy science caused an increase in the diversification and amount of food-beverage production. Increased and diversified food-beverage production provided commercial value to gastronomy. The greatest factor that provided this commercial value is the spendable income of individuals which increased with the industrial…

This study compared and contrasted two qualitative scholarly articles in relation to their research designs. Their designs were analyzed by the comparison of research references and research specific vocabulary to describe how various research methods were used. When researching and analyzing qualitative scholarly articles, it is imperative to…

This paper on pedagogical training of TCFL (Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language) programs is based on the author's five-week study in the summer of 2008 at six Chinese universities. Based on class observations, interviews of teachers and students, and documents provided by the six universities, the author has found that their curriculum for…

Blended learning can facilitate many opportunities about usage of online discussion for different purposes. As a tool in blended learning, online discussions widen the walls of classroom discussions in a virtual manner. Especially, in teacher education programs case based discussions are very helpful for pre-service teachers to practice real-life…

This working paper explores contemporary research related to methods for teaching reading in Spanish and English in bilingual, foreign language, and English as a second language (ESL) classrooms. Changes stemming from innovations in research and learning are identified and a table is provided to compare methods of teaching reading in Spanish and…

This paper examines the theory and practice of the commercialization of education in Canada, using comparative examples from the United States and Australia. Critical theory provides the framework for the study. From the broad focus of business practice, the examination is narrowed down to marketing, and even further to branding, at all levels,…

This paper compares and contrasts literature on competence that resides in the disciplines of HRD and CPE. Definitions, Purposes, Assessments and Achievements related to the competence conceptual framework are examined for contextual cues and connections between theory and practice in an effort to contribute to greater dialog and interdisciplinary…

A major reason for the use of cases in teacher education is based on the assumption that preservice teachers, via discussion of cases, will reflect on how educational theory can inform practice and when these students enter the classroom they will be better prepared for the realities of the classroom and will critically analyze their practices to…